SUBJUNCTIVE

The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action.

Subjunctive is a grammar that expresses a hope that is usually contrary to actual reality.

The subjunctive is a special, relatively rare verb form in English. The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain expressions (see below).

Examples:

• I suggest that he study.
• Is it essential that we be there?
• Don recommended that you join the committee.

Structure of the Subjunctive

The structure of the subjunctive is extremely simple. For all verbs except the past tense of be, the subjunctive is the same as the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to"):

be (past)	be (present)	all other verbs (past & present)
I were you were he, she, it were we were you were they were	I be you be he, she, it be we be you be they be	I work you work he, she, it work we work you work they work

Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs:

to advise (that)
to ask (that)
to command (that)
to demand (that)
to desire (that)
to insist (that)
to propose (that)
to recommend (that)
to request (that)
to suggest (that)
to urge (that)

Examples:

• Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the month.
• Donna requested Frank come to the party.
• The teacher insists that her students be on time.

Expressions Followed by the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive is used after the following expressions:

It is best (that)
It is crucial (that)
It is desirable (that)
It is essential (that)
It is imperative (that)
It is important (that)
It is recommended (that)
It is urgent (that)
It is vital (that)
It is a good idea (that)
It is a bad idea (that)

Examples:

• It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.
• It is important she attend the meeting.
• It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike to the bottom of the Grand Canyon.

Should as Subjunctive

After many of the above expressions, the word "should" is sometimes used to express the idea of subjunctiveness. This form is used more frequently in British English and is most common after the verbs "suggest," "recommend" and "insist."

Examples:

• The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem.
• Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam.

Use of the Subjunctive

We use subjunctives mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen. For example, we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:

• wants to happen
• anticipates will happen
• imagines happening

Look at these examples:

• The President requests that you be present at the meeting.
• It is vital that you be present at the meeting.
• If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.

The subjunctive is typically used after two structures:

• the verbs: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest + that
• the expressions: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that

Here are some examples with the subjunctive:

• The manager insists that the car park be locked at night.
• The board of directors recommended that he join the company.
• It is essential that we vote as soon as possible.
• It was necessary that every student submit his essay by the weekend.

Notice that in these structures the subjunctive is always the same. It does not matter whether the sentence is past or present. Look at these examples:

• Present: The President requests that they stop the occupation.
• Past: The President requested that they stop the occupation.

• Present: It is essential that she be present.
• Past: It was essential that she be present.

The use of the subjunctive as above is more common in American English than in English, where should + infinitive is often used:

• The manager insists that the car park should be locked at night.
• It was essential that we should vote as soon as possible.

We usually use the subjunctive were instead of "was" after if (and other words with similar meaning). Look at these sentences:

• If I were you, I would ask her.
• Suppose she were here. What would you say?

Past Subjunctive.

• if
• as if
• wish
• suppose

Formal (The were form is correct at all times.)	Informal (The was form is possible in informal, familiar conversation.)
If I were younger, I would go.	If I was younger, I would go.
If he weren't so mean, he would buy one for me.	If he wasn't so mean, he would buy one for me.
I wish I weren't so slow!	I wish I wasn't so slow!
I wish it were longer.	I wish it was longer.
It's not as if I were ugly.	It's not as if I was ugly.
She acts as if she were Queen.	She acts as if she was Queen.
If I were you, I should tell her.	Note: We do not normally say "if I was you", even in familiar conversation.

Conditional Sentences

 

Definition of Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

1.      Type 1

It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example:

a.       If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

b.      I will send her an invitation if I find her address.

c.       If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.

d.      If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

e.       If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.

f.       If Caroline and Sue prepare the salad, Phil will decorate the house.

g.      If Sue cuts the onions for the salad, Caroline will peel the mushrooms.

h.      If Bob looks after the barbecue, Sue will let the guests in.

i.        Frank will play the DJ if the others bring along their CDs.

j.        Alan will mix the drinks if Jane gives him some of her cocktail recipes.

k.      If they all do their best, the party will be great.

2.      Type 2

It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example:

a.       If I found her address, I would send her an invitation

b.      I would send her an invitation if I found her address.

c.       If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

d.      If I were you, I would not do this.

e.       f I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

f.       If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.

g.      If I hit the jackpot, I would be rich.

h.      If I were rich, my life would change completely.

i.        I would buy a lonely island, if I found a nice one.

j.        If I owned a lonely island, I would build a huge house by the beach.

3.      Type 3

It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example:

a.       If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

b.      I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.

c.       If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

d.      If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

e.       If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.

f.       If the forwards had run faster, they would have scored more goals.

g.      Their motivation would have improved if they had kicked a goal during the first half.

h.      The fullbacks would have prevented one or the other goal if they had marked their opponents.

i.        If the goalie had jumped up, he would have caught the ball.

j.        If the referee had seen the foul, he would have awarded a penalty kick to our team.

MY ASSIGNMENT

NAME            : SEPTIANI

NIM                :  A320120032

A.      Reported Speech

1.      Definition

Reported Speech (also called Indirect Speech) is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words. A few changes are necessary; often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb is usually moved back a tense, where possible.

2.      Kind of reported Speech

a.       Direct speech:

In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech). Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

  Examples :

·         John said “I will give you a pen”.

·         He said, “I work in a factory” 

·         They said, “we are going to cinema”     

·         She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

·         She said, "I was teaching earlier."

b.      Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.

While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

Examples :

·         He said that he worked in a factory.    

·         They said that they were going to cinema. 

·         She said she was teaching English online.

·         She said she had taught online yesterday.

·         She said she had been teaching earlier.

B.       Yes No Questions

1.      Mareta ask Sisi, “Does he love this town?”

Mareta asked Sisi if  he loved this town.

2.      Andi ask Dika, “Do they like soccer?”

Andi asked Dika if they liked soccer.

3.      Shinta ask Indah, “Can you drive a car?”

Shinta asked Indah if she drived a car.

4.      Adithia ask Nikmah, “Are they nice?’

Adithia asked Nikmah if they were nice.

5.      Nurma ask Iin, “Do they go to Borobudur temple?

Nurma asked Iin if they went to Borobudur temple.

6.      Yuni ask Alvy, “Was she born in Solo?”

Yuni asked Alvy if she was born in Solo.

7.      Ani ask me, “Shall they work every times?”

Ani asked me if they should work every times.

8.      John ask Beni, “Does she buy clothes in market?”

John asked Beni if she bought clothes in market.

9.      Wendy ask Nanda, “Are he smart?”

Wendy asked Nanda if he was smart.

10.  Anita ask Maria, “Does he wake up early?”

Anita asked Maria if he woke up early.

C.       Causative Verbs

1.      Have

a.       Anis had his nurse take the patient's temperature.

b.      Please have your secretary fax me the information.

c.       I had the mechanic check the brakes.

d.      I have my young brother cut my hair

e.       I had Jim clean up the mess.

f.       Lala had her friend take her result test.

g.      The student had the teacher speak slowly.

h.      I had my house renovated last week.

i.        He had his book returned as soon as possible.

j.        Please, don’t have me cry again.

2.      Make

a.       My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.

b.      Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat?

c.       She made her children do their homework.

d.      We made Kevin finish his supper.

e.       I made Jim clean up the mess.

f.       The woman made her daughter eat up the tomatoes.

g.      The manager makes her staff  work hard.

h.      Your smile makes me think a thousand times to leave you.

i.        I will make you stand by me and stay with me

j.        Ms. Fatimah made students finish the test within 60 minutes only

3.      Let

a.       Mila let me drive his new car.

b.      Will your parents let you go to the party?

c.        I don't know if my boss will let me take the day off.

d.      I let Jim clean up the mess.

e.       My father lets me choose my own future carrier.

f.       The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.

g.      Ikhsan let Mismar use his laptop

h.      The lecture let the students leave class early.

i.        Sidik let Hasbuloh borrow his motorcycle.

j.        Hasan let Mutia wash his dishes.

4.      Get

a.       Shinta got her son to take the medicine even though it tasted terrible.

b.      How can parents get their children to read more?

c.       The government TV commercials are trying to get people to stop smoking.

d.      I get my young brother to cut my hair

e.       She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.

f.       The boy got his cat to chase a mouse.

g.      Teddy got the money saved in the bank.

h.      Yulia got her bedroom cleaned.

i.        Adhitia usually gets her montly magazine delivered to her house

j.        Iin usually gets her mother to fry some eggs for her.

5.      Ask

a.       I ask my young brother to cut my hair

b.      I asked Jim to clean up the mess.

c.       My niece asks someone to lengthen her old dresses

d.      Yulia asked me to bake it

e.       The manager was asked by his secretary to get the ticket

f.       The teacher asked us to return on page 24

g.      My mothers ask me to buy some fruits

h.      Anita asked Andi to go to the garden

i.        I ask my friends to do their homework

j.        Mr. Farhan ask us to learn everyday

6.      Want

a.       Indah wants to get her motorcycle checked and fixed.

b.      Mareta wants to have his car washed now

c.       I want to have my heart entertained.

d.      The women want to have the police offer arrested the man who grabbed her handbag

e.       The woman wanted to have the car next to his park backward.

f.       She wants to have some clothes in her bedroom

g.      Nevri wants to have many friend in her life

h.      They want to have the great score in this lecture

i.        We want to have a research in this campus

j.        She wants to buy a tart to her mother

D.      Imperative Sentences

1.      Stand behind the line, please!

2.      Tell me all about it!

3.      Don’t speak to me like that, please!

4.      Don’t stay out too long!

5.      Don’t drive so fast!

6.      Take your feet off the sofa!

7.      Put that down!

8.      Go to the traffic light and turn left!

9.      Come and meet me next week!

10.  Take one pill three times a day!

11.  Shut up!

12.  Don’t touch it!

13.  Turn to page 24!

14.  Come in!

E.       Questions Word

1.      My teacher ask me, “Who is the player guitar nicely?”

My teacher asked me who the player guitar nicely is.

2.      Indah ask Dita, “Where is the king  hunt?”

Indah asked Dita where the king hunt is.

3.      Cahaya ask Minde, “When you come back here?”

Cahaya asked Minde when he came back here.

4.      Why you do not do your homework?

5.      How to make you happy every times?

6.      Where is my pet sleep?

7.      How much the price of an apple?

8.      What do you think about your mother?

9.      How you can do it?

10.  What is the meaning this lecture today?