The Differences of gerund and Present Participle

The '-ing' form of the verb may be a present participle or a gerund.

The form is identical, the difference is in the function, or the job the word does in the sentence.

The present participle:

This is most commonly used:

• as part of the continuous form of a verb,

a.      she has been waiting

b.      he is painting

c.       I am teaching

d.      They were understanding

e.       We are smiling

• after verbs of movement/position in the pattern:
  verb + present participle,

a.      she sat looking at the sea

• after verbs of perception in the pattern:
  verb + object + present participle,
  We saw him swimming

• as an adjective, e.g. amazing, worrying, exciting, boring

The gerund:

This always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb), so it can be used:

• as the subject of the sentence:
  Eating people is wrong.

• after prepositions:
  Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?
  She is good at painting

• after certain verbs,
  e.g. like, hate, admit, imagine

• in compound nouns,
  e.g. a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting

THE USE OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE & THE PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE FORM

 THE USE OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
The present or active participle form (verb-1 +  ing )

Is an active verb form that is used. For example :

1.      As an adjective

a.       The girl who is dancing. (a dancing girl)

b.      The boat which is floating. (a floating boat)

c.       The bird which is singing. (a singing bird)

2.      To form a continuous / progressive tense

a.       He is speaking English.

b.      She is writing a letter.

c.       They are being interviewed.

3.      After the verbs of senses (feel, hear, listen to, look at, find, know, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, wacth.)

a.       I saw the man using computer.

b.      I smell something burning.

c.       The policeman found him escaping from school.

4.      After the words (catch-caught/find-found+object+verb-1 + ing)

a.       The policemen found him stealing some computers.

b.      I found her sleeping under the tree.

c.       I caught him reading Nita’s diary.

5.      After the word : have + object +verb-1 + ing

a.       I will have her mastering Ms. World in a month.

b.      He had me driving in a week.

6.      After the word spend, waste ,+ expression of time and money+verb-1 + ing

a.       I spend five million renovating my house.

b.      She spend a lot of money collecting the memory albums.

7.      Can replace a sentences or main clause :

a.       Two actions : having the same subject happen at the same time, or express a cause and effect :

-          He walked a way. He slammed the door. (He walked away slamming the door)

-          She went out. She shouted fiercely. (she went out shouting fiercely)

b.      One action is immediately followed by another by the same subject. The first action can often be expressed by verb-1 + ing.

-          He opened his suitcase. He got out his money. (Opening his suitcase, he got out his money)

c.       One action happens before another action

-          After he had watched the Football League, he went to bed. (Having watched the Football League, he went to bed)

-          Because he had not been notified of the cancellation of the time of departure, James arrived late. (Not having been notified of the cancellation of the time of departure, James arrived late)

8.      Can replace a clause started by: as/since/because/while + subject + verb,

a.       While he was walking home, he saw a fire. ( walking home, he saw a fire)

b.      Since he entered the Faculty of Medicine at Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, he began to feel confident. (Entering the Faculty of Medicine at Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta)

9.      Can replace a Relative Clause,

a.       The students who are waiting  for the bus look very tired. (The students waiting for the bus look very tired)

b.      The man who is speaking on TV is Mr. President. (The man speaking on TV is Mr. President)

c.       The soldier who was shot by a rocket was a sergeant. (The soldier shot by a rocket was a sergeant.

THE PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE FORM

Is a passive verb form that is used :

1.      As an adjective

a.       The wounded soldiers are sent to the local hospital.

b.      The soldiers shot by the enemy are sent to the local hospital.

2.      To form the present perfect tense or passive voice

a.       He has seen that film.

b.      This car is made in Japan

3.      Can replace

a.       Two actions having the same subject

-          He entered the room. He was accompanied by his bodyguards. (he entered the room, accompanied by his bodyguards.

b.      One action happens before another action

-          After he had been informed that he became the winner, he held a thank giving party. (having been informed that he became the winner, he held a thank giving party)