The Differences of gerund and Present Participle

The '-ing' form of the verb may be a present participle or a gerund.

The form is identical, the difference is in the function, or the job the word does in the sentence.

The present participle:

This is most commonly used:

• as part of the continuous form of a verb,

a.      she has been waiting

b.      he is painting

c.       I am teaching

d.      They were understanding

e.       We are smiling

• after verbs of movement/position in the pattern:
  verb + present participle,

a.      she sat looking at the sea

• after verbs of perception in the pattern:
  verb + object + present participle,
  We saw him swimming

• as an adjective, e.g. amazing, worrying, exciting, boring

The gerund:

This always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb), so it can be used:

• as the subject of the sentence:
  Eating people is wrong.

• after prepositions:
  Can you sneeze without opening your mouth?
  She is good at painting

• after certain verbs,
  e.g. like, hate, admit, imagine

• in compound nouns,
  e.g. a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting

THE USE OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE & THE PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE FORM

 THE USE OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
The present or active participle form (verb-1 +  ing )

Is an active verb form that is used. For example :

1.      As an adjective

a.       The girl who is dancing. (a dancing girl)

b.      The boat which is floating. (a floating boat)

c.       The bird which is singing. (a singing bird)

2.      To form a continuous / progressive tense

a.       He is speaking English.

b.      She is writing a letter.

c.       They are being interviewed.

3.      After the verbs of senses (feel, hear, listen to, look at, find, know, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, wacth.)

a.       I saw the man using computer.

b.      I smell something burning.

c.       The policeman found him escaping from school.

4.      After the words (catch-caught/find-found+object+verb-1 + ing)

a.       The policemen found him stealing some computers.

b.      I found her sleeping under the tree.

c.       I caught him reading Nita’s diary.

5.      After the word : have + object +verb-1 + ing

a.       I will have her mastering Ms. World in a month.

b.      He had me driving in a week.

6.      After the word spend, waste ,+ expression of time and money+verb-1 + ing

a.       I spend five million renovating my house.

b.      She spend a lot of money collecting the memory albums.

7.      Can replace a sentences or main clause :

a.       Two actions : having the same subject happen at the same time, or express a cause and effect :

-          He walked a way. He slammed the door. (He walked away slamming the door)

-          She went out. She shouted fiercely. (she went out shouting fiercely)

b.      One action is immediately followed by another by the same subject. The first action can often be expressed by verb-1 + ing.

-          He opened his suitcase. He got out his money. (Opening his suitcase, he got out his money)

c.       One action happens before another action

-          After he had watched the Football League, he went to bed. (Having watched the Football League, he went to bed)

-          Because he had not been notified of the cancellation of the time of departure, James arrived late. (Not having been notified of the cancellation of the time of departure, James arrived late)

8.      Can replace a clause started by: as/since/because/while + subject + verb,

a.       While he was walking home, he saw a fire. ( walking home, he saw a fire)

b.      Since he entered the Faculty of Medicine at Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, he began to feel confident. (Entering the Faculty of Medicine at Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta)

9.      Can replace a Relative Clause,

a.       The students who are waiting  for the bus look very tired. (The students waiting for the bus look very tired)

b.      The man who is speaking on TV is Mr. President. (The man speaking on TV is Mr. President)

c.       The soldier who was shot by a rocket was a sergeant. (The soldier shot by a rocket was a sergeant.

THE PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE FORM

Is a passive verb form that is used :

1.      As an adjective

a.       The wounded soldiers are sent to the local hospital.

b.      The soldiers shot by the enemy are sent to the local hospital.

2.      To form the present perfect tense or passive voice

a.       He has seen that film.

b.      This car is made in Japan

3.      Can replace

a.       Two actions having the same subject

-          He entered the room. He was accompanied by his bodyguards. (he entered the room, accompanied by his bodyguards.

b.      One action happens before another action

-          After he had been informed that he became the winner, he held a thank giving party. (having been informed that he became the winner, he held a thank giving party)

SUBJUNCTIVE

The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action.

Subjunctive is a grammar that expresses a hope that is usually contrary to actual reality.

The subjunctive is a special, relatively rare verb form in English. The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain expressions (see below).

Examples:

• I suggest that he study.
• Is it essential that we be there?
• Don recommended that you join the committee.

Structure of the Subjunctive

The structure of the subjunctive is extremely simple. For all verbs except the past tense of be, the subjunctive is the same as the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to"):

be (past)	be (present)	all other verbs (past & present)
I were you were he, she, it were we were you were they were	I be you be he, she, it be we be you be they be	I work you work he, she, it work we work you work they work

Verbs Followed by the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs:

to advise (that)
to ask (that)
to command (that)
to demand (that)
to desire (that)
to insist (that)
to propose (that)
to recommend (that)
to request (that)
to suggest (that)
to urge (that)

Examples:

• Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the month.
• Donna requested Frank come to the party.
• The teacher insists that her students be on time.

Expressions Followed by the Subjunctive

The Subjunctive is used after the following expressions:

It is best (that)
It is crucial (that)
It is desirable (that)
It is essential (that)
It is imperative (that)
It is important (that)
It is recommended (that)
It is urgent (that)
It is vital (that)
It is a good idea (that)
It is a bad idea (that)

Examples:

• It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.
• It is important she attend the meeting.
• It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike to the bottom of the Grand Canyon.

Should as Subjunctive

After many of the above expressions, the word "should" is sometimes used to express the idea of subjunctiveness. This form is used more frequently in British English and is most common after the verbs "suggest," "recommend" and "insist."

Examples:

• The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem.
• Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam.

Use of the Subjunctive

We use subjunctives mainly when talking about events that are not certain to happen. For example, we use the subjunctive when talking about events that somebody:

• wants to happen
• anticipates will happen
• imagines happening

Look at these examples:

• The President requests that you be present at the meeting.
• It is vital that you be present at the meeting.
• If you were at the meeting, the President would be happy.

The subjunctive is typically used after two structures:

• the verbs: ask, command, demand, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest + that
• the expressions: it is desirable, essential, important, necessary, vital + that

Here are some examples with the subjunctive:

• The manager insists that the car park be locked at night.
• The board of directors recommended that he join the company.
• It is essential that we vote as soon as possible.
• It was necessary that every student submit his essay by the weekend.

Notice that in these structures the subjunctive is always the same. It does not matter whether the sentence is past or present. Look at these examples:

• Present: The President requests that they stop the occupation.
• Past: The President requested that they stop the occupation.

• Present: It is essential that she be present.
• Past: It was essential that she be present.

The use of the subjunctive as above is more common in American English than in English, where should + infinitive is often used:

• The manager insists that the car park should be locked at night.
• It was essential that we should vote as soon as possible.

We usually use the subjunctive were instead of "was" after if (and other words with similar meaning). Look at these sentences:

• If I were you, I would ask her.
• Suppose she were here. What would you say?

Past Subjunctive.

• if
• as if
• wish
• suppose

Formal (The were form is correct at all times.)	Informal (The was form is possible in informal, familiar conversation.)
If I were younger, I would go.	If I was younger, I would go.
If he weren't so mean, he would buy one for me.	If he wasn't so mean, he would buy one for me.
I wish I weren't so slow!	I wish I wasn't so slow!
I wish it were longer.	I wish it was longer.
It's not as if I were ugly.	It's not as if I was ugly.
She acts as if she were Queen.	She acts as if she was Queen.
If I were you, I should tell her.	Note: We do not normally say "if I was you", even in familiar conversation.